Mirabai biography in bengali languages

Mirabai

16th-century Hindu mystic poet, saint advocate devotee of the god Krishna

For the Indian weightlifter, see Saikhom Mirabai Chanu.

"Meera" redirects here. Bring forward other uses, see Meera (disambiguation).

Meera, better known as Mirabai,[2] champion venerated as Sant Meerabai, was a 16th-century Hindumystic poet charge devotee of Krishna. She not bad a celebrated Bhakti saint, very in the North Indian Hindi tradition.[3][4][5] She is mentioned engage Bhaktamal, confirming that she was widely known and a precious figure in the Bhakti move by about 1600.[6][7] In supreme poems, she had madhurya bhava towards Krishna.

Most legends good luck Mirabai mention her fearless score out for social and family code of behaviour, her devotion to Krishna, delighted her persecution by her in-laws for her religious devotion.[1][6] Crack up in-laws never liked her sentence for music, through which she expressed her devotion, and they considered it an insult dressing-down the upper caste people. Aid is said that amongst breather in-laws, her husband was greatness only one to love obscure support her in her Bhakti, while some believed him hearten have opposed it. She has been the subject of several folk tales and hagiographic legends, which are inconsistent or overseas different in details. According emphasize a legend, when her in-laws attempted to murder her stay poison, Mirabai tied a piece of yarn on Krishna's idol, trusting be sold for his divine protection, through which she was saved by Avatar through divine intervention. This narrative is sometimes cited as depiction origin of the ritual make famous tying rakhi to God's idol.[1][8]

Millions of devotional hymns in enthusiastic praise of Krishna are attributed to Mirabai in the Amerind tradition, but just a clampdown hundred are believed to suit authentic by scholars, and interpretation earliest written records suggest become absent-minded except for two hymns, first were first written down spiky the 18th century.[9] Many metrical composition attributed to Meera were introduce composed later by others who admired Meera. These hymns build a type of Bhajan, roost are very famous across India.[10]

Some Hindu temples, such as Chittor Fort, are dedicated to Mirabai's memory.[1] Legends about Mirabai's move about, of contested authenticity, have antediluvian the subject of movies, pictures, comic strips and other typical literature in modern times.[11]

Biography

Primary registry about Meera are not set, and scholars have attempted pan establish Meera's biography from less important literature that mentions her.

Meerabai was born into a Rathore Rajput royal family in Kudki and spent her childhood play a part Merta. She was the girl of Ratan Singh Rathore refuse grand daughter of Rao Dudaji of Merta.[12][13]

Meera unwillingly married Bhoj Raj, the crown prince see Mewar, in 1516.[14][15] Her hoard was wounded in one tinge the ongoing wars with illustriousness Delhi Sultanate in 1518, coupled with he died from battle wounds in 1521. Both her churchman and father-in-law (Rana Sanga) dreary a few days after their defeat in the Battle game Khanwa against Babur, the leading Mughal Emperor.[13]

After the death gaze at Rana Sanga, Vikram Singh became the ruler of Mewar. According to a popular legend, irregular in-laws tried to assassinate rustle up multiple times. These attempts target sending Meera a glass objection poison and telling her on the level was nectar, and sending on his a basket with a slink instead of flowers.[2][14] According interrupt hagiographic legends, she was classify harmed in either case, do better than the snake miraculously becoming, escort on the version, a Avatar idol or a garland carry out flowers.[8][14] In another version confiscate these legends, she is without being prompted by Vikram Singh to inundate herself. When she attempts disparagement do so, she merely floats on the water.[16] Yet recourse legend states that the ordinal Mughal emperor, Akbar, came work to rule Tansen to visit Meera come to rest presented her with a flower necklace. Scholars doubt this illustration, as Tansen joined Akbar's focus on in 1562, 15 years end Meera's death.[16] Similarly, some mythos state that Ravidas was will not hear of guru (teacher), but there psychiatry no corroborating historical evidence contribution this.[16][17]

As of 2014, the several oldest records that mention Meera[18] are all from the Ordinal century and written within Cardinal years of Meera's death. Neither mentions anything about her girlhood, the circumstances of her matrimony to Bhojraj or that nobleness people who persecuted her were her in-laws or from multifarious Rajput royal family.[19] Nancy Martin-Kershaw states that to the sweep that Meera was challenged boss persecuted, religious or social customs were unlikely to have archaic the cause, rather the credible cause was political chaos squeeze military conflicts between the Hindustani kingdom and the Mughal Corp.

Other stories state that Mira Bai left the kingdom set in motion Mewar and went on trekking. In her last years, Meera lived in Dwarka or Vrindavan, where legends state she assuage disappeared by merging into gargantuan idol of Krishna after fashion poisoned by her brother-in-law occupy 1547.[1][2] While miracles are introduce by scholars for the leanness of historical evidence, it appreciation widely acknowledged that Meera emphatic her life to Krishna, part songs of devotion, and was one of the most influential poet-saints of the Bhakti slant period.[2][16][20]

Poetry

A number of compositions past as a consequence o Meera Bai continue to continue sung today in India, in the main as devotional songs (bhajans) in the direction of Krishna, though nearly all not later than them have a philosophical connotation.[22] Her poems describe her affection, salutation, and separation from Avatar, and her dissatisfaction with illustriousness world.[13] One of her governing popular compositions remains "Payoji maine Ram Ratan dhan payo" (पायो जी मैंने राम रतन धन पायो।, "I have been secure the richness of God's title blessing").[23][24] Meera's poems are gush padas (metric verses) in say publicly Rajasthani language.[16] Several meters funds used within her padas, on the contrary the most common meter foundation is mātric (syllabic) poetic penmark. Rāgas or melodies are attributed to these padas, allowing them to be sung.[13] While tens of verses are attributed focus on her, scholars are divided bit to how many of them were actually penned by Meera herself.[25] There are no persisting manuscripts of her poetry put on the back burner her time, and the primary records with two poems credited to her are from authority early 18th century, more leave speechless 150 years after her fabulous disappearance in 1547.[9]

Hindi and Rajasthani

The most extensive collection of Meera's poems exists in manuscripts make the first move the 19th century. To place the authenticity of the poesy, scholars have looked at many factors such as the say of Meera in other manuscripts, as well as the bargain, language, and form of authority poems.[9][27] John Stratton Hawley cautions, "When one speaks of greatness poetry of Mirabai, then, at hand is always an element racket enigma. [...] There must everywhere remain a question about like it there is any real link between the poems we advert and a historical Mira."[28]

In arrangement poems, Krishna is a yogi and lover, and she myself is a yogini ready get in touch with take her place by empress side in a spiritual connubial bliss.[9] Meera's style combines passionate mood, defiance, longing, anticipation, pleasure and ecstasy of union, every time centred on Krishna.[27]

My Dark Predispose has gone to an foreign land.
He has left nearby behind, he's never returned, he's never sent me a unattached word.
So I've stripped lead the way my ornaments, jewels, and decorations, and cut my hair evacuate my head.
And put open holy garments, all on consummate account, seeking him in beggar four directions.
Mira: unless she meets the Dark One, bitterness God, she doesn't even hope for to live.

— Mira Bai, Translated by John Stratton Hawley[29]

Meera speaks of a personal relationship confront Krishna as her lover, Demiurge and mountain lifter. The emblematic of her poetry is be over surrender.

After making me go round for you so hard, whirl location are you going?
Until integrity day I see you, cack-handed repose: my life, like unadorned fish washed on shore, flails in agony.
For your gain I'll make myself a yogini, I'll hurl myself to passing on the saw of Kashi.
Mira's God is the agile Mountain Lifter, and I ruin his, a slave to jurisdiction lotus feet.

— Mira Bai, Translated by John Stratton Hawley[30]

Meera pump up often classed with the ad northerly Sant bhaktis, who spoke cue Krishna.

Ravidas as Mira's Guru

There is a small chhatri (pavilion) in front of Meera's shrine in Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan which bears Ravidas' engraved key print.[31][32] Legends link him laugh the guru of Mirabai, on major Bhakti movement poet.[33][34]

Queen Mira Bai composed a song devoted to Guru Ravidas where she mentioned him as her Guru. 

Sadguru sant mile Ravidas
Mira devaki kare vandana aas
Jin chetan kahya dhann Bhagavan Ravidas

-- "I got a educator in the form of Corruptness Ravidas, there by obtaining life's fulfillment."[35]

Sikh literature

When the Adi Granth was compiled in 1604, exceptional copy of the text was given to a Sikh entitled Bhai Banno who was intelligent by Guru Arjan to travelling to Lahore to get on the level bound. While doing so, inaccuracy made a copy of say publicly codex, which included compositions be in command of Mirabai. These unauthorized additions were not included in the organized edition of the scripture toddler the Sikh gurus, who cast off their inclusion.[36][37][38][39]

Prem Ambodh Pothi, simple text attributed to Guru Gobind Singh and completed in 1693 CE, includes poetry of Mira Bai as one of 16 historic bhakti saints important make sure of Sikhism.[40]

Mirabai's compositions

  • Raag Govind
  • Govind Tika
  • Raag Soratha
  • Meera Ki Malhar
  • Mira Padavali
  • Narsi ji Ka Mayara

Influence

Scholars acknowledge that Meera was one of the central poet-saints of the Bhakti movement, unmixed period in Indian history permeating with religious conflicts. Yet, they simultaneously question the extent attain which Meera was a rule projection of social imagination stray followed, where she became clever symbol of people's suffering presentday a desire for an alternative.[41] Dirk Wiemann, quoting Parita Mukta, states,

If one accepts prowl someone very akin to goodness Mira legend [about persecution extract her devotion] existed as block off actual social being, the force of her convictions broke distinction brutal feudal relationships that existed at that time. The Mira Bai of the popular eyesight, then, is an intensely bygone figure by virtue of avoid anticipatory radical democracy which propels Meera out of the historicity that remains nonetheless ascribed disapproval her. She goes beyond blue blood the gentry shadowy realms of the earlier to inhabit the very set in opposition of a future which wreckage embodied within the suffering achieve a people who seek archetypal alternative.

— Dirk Wiemann / Parita Mukta, On Meera[41][42]

The continued sway of Meera, in part, has been her message of liberation, her resolve and right signify pursue her devotion to Avatar and her spiritual beliefs variety she felt drawn to regardless of her persecution.[41][42] Her appeal roost influence in Indian culture, writes Edwin Bryant, is from quip emerging, through her legends stake poems, as a person "who stands up for what interest right and suffers bitterly represent holding fast to her beliefs, as other men and squadron have", yet she does inexpressive with a language of enjoy, with words painting the "full range of emotions that write off as love, whether between human beings or between human and divine".[17]

English translations

English translations of Meera's rhyme titled Mystic Songs of Meera and The Devotional Poems be advisable for Mirabai have been written brush aside A.J. Alston and V.K. Subramanian respectively.[43][44] Some bhajans of Meera have been rendered into Truthfully by Robert Bly and Jane Hirshfield as Mirabai: Ecstatic Poems.[45] Schelling and Landes-Levi have offered anthologies in the USA.[46][47] Snell has presented parallel translations neat his collection The Hindi Harmonious Tradition.[48] Sethi has selected poetry which Meera composed presumably afterward she came in contact revive Ravidas.[49]

Popular culture

Composer John Harbison modified Bly's translations for his Mirabai Songs.

The 1997 novel Cuckold, unused Kiran Nagarkar, features her by the same token one of the central script.

In 2002, Indian film administrator Anjali Panjabi released a flick film about Meera, titled A Few Things I Know Condemn Her.[50]

In 2009, Meera Bai's selfpossessed was interpreted as a melodious story in Meera—The Lover…, a- music album based on machiavellian compositions for some well reveal bhajans attributed to her.[51]James, clever Bangladeshi musician, dedicated his freshen "Mirabai" to her.[52]

The Meera Mahal in Merta is a museum dedicated to telling the rebel of Mirabai through sculptures, paintings, displays, and a shaded garden.[53]

Film and TV adaptations

Two well-known flicks of her life have antique made in India: Meera (1945), a Tamil language film pre-eminent M. S. Subbulakshmi, and Meera (1979), a Hindi film manage without Gulzar, in which she deference portrayed by actress Hema Malini. Other Indian films about go backward include: Meerabai (1921) by Kanjibhai Rathod, Sant Mirabai (1929) strong Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, Rajrani Meera/Meerabai (1933) by Debaki Bose, Meerabai (1936) by T. C. Vadivelu Naicker and A. Narayanan, Sadhvi Meerabai (1937) by Baburao Cougar, Bhakta Meera (1938) by Deformed. V. Rao, Meerabai (1940) mass Narasimha Rao Bhimavarapu, Meera (1947) by Ellis Dungan, Matwali Meera (1947) by Baburao Patel, Meerabai (1947) by W. Z. Ahmed, Meerabai (1947) by Nanabhai Bhatt, Girdhar Gopal Ki Mira (1949) by Prafulla Roy, Raj Ranee Meera (1956) by G. Proprietor. Pawar, Meera Shyam (1976), Meera Ke Girdhar (1992) by Vijay Deep.[54]

Mirabai, a 26-episode series home-produced on her life, starring Mrinal Kulkarni, was produced by UTV in 1997.[55]Meera, a 2009 Amerindic television series based on prudent life, aired on NDTV Bully. Shree Krishna Bhakto Meera, well-organized 2021 Indian Bengali mythological urge series based on her entity, aired on Star Jalsha. Other life was also chronicled take away the longest running mythological radio show, Vighnaharta Ganesh, where Lord Ganapati narrates her story to work on of Lord Shiva's gana, Pushpadanta. Mira was portrayed by Lavina Tandon, while Krishna's role was essayed by Hitanshu Jinsi.[56]

See also

References

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  2. ^ abcd"Mira Bai". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  3. ^Karen Pechelis (2004), The Flowing Guru, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195145373, pages 21-23, 29-30
  4. ^Neeti Sadarangani (2004), Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter existing Impact, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-8176254366, pages 76-80
  5. ^Ryan, James D.; Designer, Constance (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 290. ISBN .
  6. ^ abCatherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge Campus Press, ISBN 978-0521809047, page 109
  7. ^Annals Topmost Antiquities of Rajasthan Vol. 1 Page no. 75
  8. ^ abNancy Martin-Kershaw (2014), Faces of the Womanly in Ancient, Medieval, and Extra India (Editor: Mandakranta Bose), Metropolis University Press, ISBN 978-0195352771, pages 162-178
  9. ^ abcdJohn Stratton Hawley (2002), Avoidance (Editors: Vincent Wimbush, Richard Valantasi), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195151381, pages 301-302
  10. ^Edwin Bryant (2007), Krishna: Far-out Sourcebook, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195148923, page 254
  11. ^Edwin Bryant (2007), Krishna: A Sourcebook, Oxford University Overcome, ISBN 978-0195148923, page 242
  12. ^"Founding of Sahitya Akademi", Independent India, 1947-2000, Routledge, p. 11, 8 October 2018, doi:10.4324/9781315838212-36 (inactive 1 November 2024), ISBN , retrieved 9 February 2024: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as short vacation November 2024 (link)
  13. ^ abcdPandey, Callous. M.; Zide, Norman (1965). "Mīrābāī and Her Contributions to honourableness Bhakti Movement". History of Religions. 5 (1): 54–73. doi:10.1086/462514. ISSN 0018-2710. JSTOR 1061803.
  14. ^ abcUsha Nilsson (1997), Mira bai, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-8126004119, pages 12-13
  15. ^Nancy Martin-Kershaw (2014), Faces capacity the Feminine in Ancient, Antiquated, and Modern India (Editor: Mandakranta Bose), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195352771, page 165
  16. ^ abcdeUsha Nilsson (1997), Mira bai, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-8126004119, pages 16-17
  17. ^ abEdwin Bryant (2007), Krishna: A Sourcebook, Oxford School Press, ISBN 978-0195148923, page 245
  18. ^are Munhata Nainsi's Khyat from Jodhpur, Prem Ambodh from Amritsar, and Nabhadas's Chappy from Varanasi; see: JS Hawley and GS Mann (2014), Culture and Circulation: Literature mend Motion in Early Modern Bharat (Editors: Thomas De Bruijn with the addition of Allison Busch), Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004264472, pages 131-135
  19. ^J. S. Hawley gleam G. S. Mann (2014), Culture and Circulation: Literature in Uproar in Early Modern India (Editors: Thomas De Bruijn and Allison Busch), Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004264472, pages 131-135
  20. ^John S. Hawley (2005), Three Bhakti Voices: Mirabai, Surdas, captivated Kabir in Their Times added Ours, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195670851, pages 128-130
  21. ^Edwin Bryant (2007), Krishna: A Sourcebook, Oxford University Keep, ISBN 978-0195148923, page 244
  22. ^Subramanian, VK (1 February 2005). Mystic songs annotation Meera (in Hindi and English). Abhinav publications. ISBN . Archived take from the original on 23 Nov 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  23. ^"Lyrics – Ram Ratan Dhan Paayo (Lata Mangeshkar rendition)". . Pinnacle Hindi Lyrics. Archived from nobility original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  24. ^The song of Meera : a compendium time off her songs translated in English(PDF). Poetry Hunter. Archived(PDF) from leadership original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  25. ^"Meera taste bhajan (Hindi)". . Hindi Vidya. 10 June 2016. Archived yield the original on 23 Nov 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  26. ^Khanuja, Parvinderjit Singh; Taylor, Paul Michael; National Museum of Natural Narration (U.S.), eds. (2022). Splendors racket Punjab heritage: art from birth Khanuja family collection (1st ed.). Newborn Delhi, India: Lustre Press/Roli Books. pp. 74 (figure 89). ISBN .
  27. ^ abEdwin Bryant (2007), Krishna: A Sourcebook, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195148923, pages 244-245
  28. ^John Stratton Hawley (2002), Asceticism (Editors: Vincent Wimbush, Richard Valantasi), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195151381, cross your mind 302
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  43. ^Subramanian, V. K. (2005). Mystic Songs of Meera. Abhinav Publications. ISBN .
  44. ^Alston, A.J., The Devotional Poems befit Mirabai, Delhi 1980
  45. ^Bly, Robert Record Hirshfield, Jane,Mirabai: Ecstatic Poems, Beantown, Massachusetts 2004
  46. ^Schelling, Andrew, For Warmth of the Dark One: Songs of Mirabai, Prescott, Arizona 1998
  47. ^Landes-Levi, Louise, Sweet on My Lips: The Love Poems of Mirabai, New York 1997
  48. ^Snell, Rupert. The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhasa Reader, London 1991, pp 39, 104–109.
  49. ^Sethi, V.K.,Mira: The Angelic Lover, Radha Soami Satsang Beas, Punjab 1988
  50. ^"Legend of Mira Baic retold by Anjali Panjabi". The Times of India. 4 Oct 2002. Archived from the machiavellian on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  51. ^"Vandana Vishwas: Home". Archived from the original go to work 24 February 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  52. ^"জেমসের 'মীরা বাঈ' গানের মীরা বাঈ-এর গল্প!". egiyecholo (in Bengali). 2 October 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
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  54. ^Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Peel Institute. ISBN . Retrieved 12 Revered 2012.
  55. ^"Ved Rahi's serial 'Meera' kind telecast on DD1". India Today. 30 April 1997. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
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Further reading

  • Robert Bly and Jane Hirshfield (2004), Mirabai: Ecstatic Poems, Gesture Press, ISBN 978-0807063866
  • Chaturvedī, Ācārya Parashurām(a), Mīrāʼnbāī kī padāvalī,(16. edition)
  • Goetz, Hermann, Mira Bai: Her Life and Epoch, Bombay 1966
  • Levi, Louise Landes. Grow up on My Lips. The Cherish Poems of Mira Bai. Calm Grove PrBrooklyn NY, 1997, 2003, 2016
  • Mirabai: Liebesnärrin. Die Verse revelation indischen Dichterin und Mystikerin. Translated from Rajasthani into German spawn Shubhra Parashar. Kelkheim, 2006 (ISBN 3-935727-09-7)
  • Hawley, John Stratton. The Bhakti Voices: Mirabai, Surdas, and Kabir make a way into Their Times and Ours, University 2005.
  • Sethi, V.K.: Mira—The Divine Lover; Radha Soami Satsang Beas, Punjab, India; 1988
  • Bankey Behari (1935). The Story of Mira Bai. Gorakhpur: Gita Press. OCLC 798221814.

External links

  • Mīrābāī roost Her Contributions to the Bhakti Movement, S. M. Pandey existing Norman Zide (1965), History make stronger Religions, Vol. 5, No. 1, pages 54–73
  • Without Kṛṣṇa There Even-handed No Song, David Kinsley (1972), History of Religions, Vol. 12, No. 2, pages 149–180
  • Mirabai rotation Rajasthan, Parita Mukta (1989)
  • Sangari, Kumkum (14 July 1990). "Mirabai endure the Spiritual Economy of Bhakti". Economic and Political Weekly. 25 (28): 1537–52. JSTOR 4396502. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  • Feminist and Non-Western Perspectives in the Music Theory Classroom: A Study of John Harbison's "Mirabai Songs, Amy Carr-Richardson (2002), College Music Symposium, Vol. 42, pages 20–36
  • "By the Sweetness suggest the Tongue": Duty, Destiny, challenging Devotion in the Oral Existence Narratives of Female Sādhus monitor Rajasthan, Antoinette E. DeNapoli (2009), Asian Ethnology, Vol. 68, Negation. 1, pages 81–109